'Being trapped in a time loop is one I've never seen before.' (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages) The time loop plot of the episode is often compared to the film Groundhog Day; although that film is often thought of as the prototypical time loop story, it was actually released in 1993, the year after 'Cause and Effect' aired. The incorrect options have all happened in other episodes of 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' or 'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'. Worf appeared to die during fifth season 'Next Generation' episode 'Ethics', but reserve body functions kicked in to allow his survival. Worf challenged Gowron on two occasions during the run of 'Deep Space Nine'. Star Trek TNG Recut Ep005: Chain Of Command - Duration: 7:09. TheTribbleMaker 27,323 views.
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Recap/StarTrekTheNextGenerationS5E18CauseAndEffect
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'Do you have the feeling that you've done this before?'
'All hands abandon ship! Repeat, all hands abandon—'[BOOM!] --Picard, saying something viewers will get used to hearing a few times.
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We begin this episode In Medias Res, with the Enterprise's engines on fire and the ship out of control. The bridge crew is frantically trying to steady the ship long enough to launch the lifeboats as Picard orders all hands to abandon ship. And just as the audience is thinking, 'Like You Would Really Do It,' they really do it: the Enterprisevanishes in a hugespace explosion.
Then the opening credits roll.
Act I seems to be a How We Got Here, as we're re-introduced to the Enterprise entering an unexplored sector. We first look in on Riker, Data, Worf and Crusher engaging in their regular poker game. After much banter (and a win for Crusher, who calls Riker's bluff), Crusher is called to sickbay to help La Forge deal with a major dizzy spell—but she experiences a bit of Déjà Vu whilst treating him. Later that night, in her quarters, Crusher hears what seem to be a mass of disembodied voices and, in switching on the light, breaks a glass she'd left on the night stand.
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Crusher reports her experiences to the rest of the senior staff, but is interrupted when sensors detect a Negative Space Wedgie nearby. As the bridge crew attempt to deal with the situation, the ship begins losing power and is unable to move—just as a starship emerges from the Space Wedgie on a direct collision course. With no power to the engines, Riker (standing at Data's side for no apparent reason) suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay to provide the necessary thrust to get out of the way, while Data counter-suggests using the tractor beam to push the other ship aside. Picard goes with Data's plan, which is not entirely successful: the other ship is deflected, but not by enough, and smashes the Enterprise's warp nacelle. This quickly causes a series of catastrophes, the events of the teaser play out before us again, and the Enterprise is destroyed.
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Act II re-re-introduces us to the Enterprise entering an unexplored sector; it's at this point that savvy viewers will recognize the 'Groundhog Day' Loop at play. Again we visit Riker, Data, Worf and Crusher playing poker, with much familiar banter. Crusher is about to win when Riker folds, realizing that she is going to call his bluff. Crusher is called to sickbay to help La Forge deal with a major dizzy spell, and again experiences déjà vu—only this time, La Forge feels it as well. Later that night Crusher again hears voices in her quarters and quickly calls the captain—breaking that glass once again.
The next morning Crusher reports her experience, relating that others aboard ship have also heard the voices. But before they can investigate, sensors detect a Negative Space Wedgie nearby. As the bridge crew attempt to deal with the situation, a starship emerges from the Wedgie on a direct collision course. As before, Riker stands at Data's station and suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay while Data votes for a tractor beam. Picard sides with Data, the collision occurs and the Enterprise blows up real good.
Act III. The Enterprise enters an unexplored sector. By this time, even the characters are starting to catch on, after a fashion; at their poker game, Worf recognizes their banter, and then he, Riker and Crusher correctly call out the hand Data is dealing even before he deals it.
Data:This is highly improbable.
In anticipation, Crusher calls sickbay asking after La Forge, only to be told he just walked in. This time, Crusher is examining La Forge's VISOR under Picard's supervision as they all discuss their recent déjà vu episodes. Crusher finds that some Techno Babble is affecting the VISOR, causing his dizziness.
Later that night, Crusher is ready for the disembodied voices; when they occur, she records them (she also moves the glass away from the light switch so she won't knock it over) and calls down to La Forge that she has something to report. He in turn tells her that another instance of that same Techno Babble just happened. As she rushes out to meet him, she knocks the glass off the table, breaking it yet again. In Engineering, La Forge and Data analyze Crusher's recording and discover that the voices belong to the crew of the Enterprise.
The next morning, Crusher and La Forge fill the others in on what they think is going on: a Negative Space Wedgie is going to entrap the Enterprise in a 'Groundhog Day' Loop. They listen to parts of the recording which suggest the severity of the encounter's outcome, while trying to think of a way out. The problem is (unlike most instances of this trope) that if/when the Loop 'loops,' they all lose their memories of the previous loop, except for feelings of déjà vu. La Forge suggests rewiring Data's Applied Phlebotinum to mirror the previously established Techno Babble so that, if/when the Loop 'loops,' he can send a message into the next loop—albeit an extremely short one, one word at most, which will show up only as a sort of post-hypnotic suggestion so Data won't know initially what it means. The plan is carried out, and no one feels like they've tried this before, which is a good sign. Red Alert! Negative Space Wedgie! Ship on collision course! The tractor beam doesn't work! Enterprise explodes! Only this time Data manages to activate the Techno Babble message at the last second.
Back in that unexplored sector, back to the poker game. Worf experiences nIb'poH, and Crusher attempts to predict the hand that Data is about to deal. Instead, he deals all 3s, then three of a kind to each. Crusher is called to sickbay to help La Forge deal with a dizzy spell; she inspects his VISOR on a hunch and finds that it is being affected by Techno Babble. In Engineering, Data runs a diagnostic on ship's systems, and the results come up all 3s. They get a call from Crusher, telling them she's just recorded a mass of disembodied voices in her quarters—and they hear a glass shatter.
The next morning, they are reporting their findings: they seem to be stuck in a 'Groundhog Day' Loop caused by an as-yet-unencountered Negative Space Wedgie. The Techno Babble which has been giving La Forge dizzy spells is also related to the Loop, and may be behind all the occurrences of the number 3 Data (and apparently the entire crew, it turns out) has been seeing. It is revealed that Data has been rewired to accept the Techno Babble, which seems to be a way to send short messages from one Loop into the next. As they ponder over what this could mean, they are called to the bridge to deal with a Negative Space Wedgie.
As before, the ship is without power and unable to move as another ship emerges from the Wedgie. Riker (standing at Data's side for no apparent reason) suggests decompressing the shuttlebay, but Data counter-suggests using the tractor beam to push the other ship clear. Picard sides with Data, but Data suddenly has a Eureka Moment and goes with Riker's plan instead; the main shuttlebay decompresses, pushing the Enterprise clear and allowing the other ship to pass safely. The Negative Space Wedgie vanishes, power is restored, and the Enterprise crew greet the crew of the USS Bozeman (commanded by none other than Captain FrasierCrane), which was either stuck in the Loop for some 90 years or got teleported by the rift 90 years into the future. Data explains his Eureka Moment: glancing at Riker, Data noted the number of rank pins on his collar (3) and deduced that the various phantom 3s referred to Riker, indicating that Riker's plan would be the successful one. Good thing he didn't think it referred to himself, since he is 3rd in command of the ship behind Riker and Picard.
Tropes featured in this episode include:
- Abandon Ship: Picard calls for it, but the Enterprise explodes before anyone can get off.
- Arc Number: Invoked. As stated above, Data manages to send a message to himself in the last loop, which turns out to be the number 3.
- Bottle Episode: Sets on the Enterprise are all reused sets, the Bozeman is a retooling of the USS Reliant from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, and the Bozeman's interior is from the recently produced Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Kelsey Grammer's guest appearance is the only aspect that deviates from this trope.
- Brick Joke:
- At the start of each time loop, Riker wonders aloud if Data is using his high-speed shuffling ability to stack the deck. In the final loop, that's exactly what Data does (albeit subconsciously).
- Despite her best efforts, Crusher manages to break her wineglass in every iteration of the loop. The final time, we don't even see it, but La Forge and Data hear it shatter over the comm.
- Call-Back: 'Yesterday's Enterprise' featured a Federation ship from the past stumbling through a time rift as well.
- Captain Morgan Pose: Riker's habit of leaning on Data's console actually helps save the Enterprise, reminding Data about Riker's plan.
- Card Sharp: In the last time loop, Data unconsciously stacks the deck so that he deals everyone a single 3 followed by three of a kind.
- Chekhov's Skill: In 'A Matter of Time,' Data explained that he was capable of listening to and distinguishing over 150 musical works at the same time. Here, he uses the same skill to sort through the jumble of voices from the previous time loops.
- Déjà Vu: The crew are caught in a 'Groundhog Day' Loop, Doctor Crusher begins to experience déjà vu, and so do the other crew members when she brings up the issue. In subsequent loops, this progesses to predicting events before they happen.
- A Day in the Limelight: Starts out like this, for Beverly Crusher. The episode plays with this trope, beginning by focusing on Dr. Crusher, who keeps noticing little things feeling familiar. Slowly, the focus expands to the rest of the main cast, who band together to figure out what the hell is going on.
- Downer Beginning: The ship explodes, right in the teaser, killing everyone. Talk about catching the viewer's attention!
- Fate Worse than Death: It is heavily implied that the Bozeman crew have relived their own loop for the better part of a century—though unlike the Enterprise crew, whether they are at all aware of it is left unclear.
- Failsafe Failure: The warp-core ejection system. As usual.
- Fling a Light into the Future: How they end up saving the Enterprise; La Forge comes up with a way for Data to send a brief message to himself in the next loop.
- Foreshadowing:
- Beverly calls Riker on a bluff in the first scene with the card game, saying she had a feeling he was bluffing. Knowing that Riker has the best poker face on the ship, it's a little clue that Bev was 'remembering' previous iterations of the game.
- Riker jokes that he hopes Data isn't stacking the poker deck. He ends up doing just that during the final deal.
- Getting Crap Past the Radar: Data's reference to the voices including 'romantic encounters' reflects the greater reluctance of the franchise, at least until the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine years, to use the word 'sex' on screen.
- Given Name Reveal: Nurse Alyssa's last name was finally revealed in this episode: Ogawa.
- 'Groundhog Day' Loop: Predating the Trope Namer by over a year.
- Hearing Voices: Caused by timelines bleeding over. It's not only mental, either; Crusher manages to make a recording of the voices for Data to analyze.
- In Medias Res: How the episode begins. When the Enterprise is first destroyed, viewers are led to believe that what happens next is How We Got Here, until it's revealed that the ship is trapped in a time-loop. That means that the first time the Enterprise is shown blowing up isn't necessarily the first time it was destroyed!
- Each loop takes roughly a day, and they find out at the end they're out of sync by seventeen days. So the episode-opening destruction is roughly the twelfth time it was destroyed.
- Killed Mid-Sentence: 'All hands, abandon ship! Repeat, all hands, abandon—'
- Magic Countdown: The last red alert scene, where Data looks around to notice Riker's rank pin, plays out significantly longer than in previous rounds.
- Then again, it could be playing out (at least partially) in Data's mind; after all, to him, 0.68 seconds is 'nearly an eternity.'
- Most of the loops seem to have slightly different timing, with events happening sooner or slightly later in the various runthroughs. Could possibly be excused by the Negative Space Wedgie causing slight variations in the causality that sets off particular events.
- Negative Space Wedgie: The cloud causing the Temporal Paradox.
- Nothing Is Scarier: Done extremely effectively with the poker game that begins Act I. We've just seen the Enterprise explode and the entire main cast die... and the first scene afterwards does not address that fact in the slightest. It isn't until the next scene, with Crusher and La Forge in Sickbay, that we get any indication that anything is wrong.
- Oh, Crap!: The look on the crew's face when they hear the recording of Picard screaming to abandon ship.
- Pinocchio Nose: After calling Riker's bluff, Crusher tells him that his left eyebrow raises when he bluffs—except she's just kidding.
- Ripple Effect-Proof Memory:
- Downplayed. Crew members do not entirely remember previous loops, but do experience Déjà Vu moments, which grow in intensity with each new iteration.
- One of theExpanded Universe novels also mentions that the Bozeman crew experienced the same effect, but didn't have the knowledge to break themselves free like the Enterprise did, resulting in 90 years of feeling trapped in a perpetual cycle of death.
- Played straight in a different novel, where the Bozeman crew only remembers the final iteration with no knowledge of the loop until after Bateson meets with Picard.
- Rule of Three: Data and his three spree in the final loop before it's broken.
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Lampshaded, defied, averted, played straight, and thoroughly deconstructed.
- Shout-Out: The Bozeman's registry number, NCC-1941, is a reference to the Steven Spielberg film 1941.
- Space Is Noisy: The Enterprise explodes with a loud noise.
- Stable Time Loop: When Riker suggests that reversing course could be the cause of the ship's destruction, he is implying, whether he realizes it or not, that this trope is in effect. The irony is that it isn't, and had the crew not been overthinking the situation in this way, they might have broken free after the first loop.note
- Starts with Their Funeral: The episode starts with the Enterprise getting blown up, then seemingly cuts back to show the events leading up to the explosion. It's a subversion: the Enterprise is caught in a time loop, and the crew is actually reliving the events, with slight variations each time, until they find a way out.
- Take a Third Option: Averted. There doesn't seem to be a reason they couldn't have both decompressed the main shuttle bay and used the tractor beam on the other ship, but nobody thinks to try this, possibly because they have so little time to think anything through.
- The Tell: Crusher claims that Riker's left eyebrow raises slightly when he bluffs, but then says that she's just kidding.
- Too Much Information: When Data is summarizing his analysis of the 'overlapping voices' phenomenon that Dr. Crusher recorded, Picard cuts Data off when he proceeds to listing the number of couples who he determined were engaged in 'romantic encounters'.
- Warm Milk Helps You Sleep: Picard's Aunt Adele has a recipe for steamed milk which he shares with Crusher.
- Wham Shot: The Enterprise-D going kablooey in space in the cold open.
- What Year Is This?: Inverted. Picard asks Captain Bateson what year he thinks he's in, with Bateson assuming it's still 2278. The Enterprise crew also has concerns about this for themselves, but are relieved that it hasn't been anywhere near that long for them (only about 17 days) when they ring up a timebase reading.
- You Can't Fight Fate: Dr Crusher very deliberately tries to avoid breaking her glass in the next loop but just ends up breaking it another way. It achieves Brick Joke status when Geordi contacts her on the intercom, and in the background you hear a glass breaking.
Index
'Cause and Effect' | |||
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Star Trek: The Next Generation episode | |||
Episode no. | Season 5 Episode 18 | ||
Directed by | Jonathan Frakes | ||
Written by | Brannon Braga | ||
Featured music | Dennis McCarthy | ||
Production code | 218 | ||
Original air date | March 23, 1992 | ||
Guest appearance(s) | |||
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Episode chronology | |||
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Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) | |||
List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes |
'Cause and Effect' is the 18th episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 118th overall. It was originally released on March 23, 1992, in broadcast syndication. It was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write an unusual type of time travel related plot, and directed by cast member Jonathan Frakes.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the Enterprise is caught in a time loop which results in the destruction of the ship and the loss of all hands after a collision with the USS Bozeman. As events re-occur, they begin to feel a sense of déjà vu and upon investigating, realize their predicament. Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) realizes how to pass a brief message to himself in the next loop, which allows him to save the ship from destruction.
Cheers actor Kelsey Grammer was offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson and accepted. Due to scheduling conflicts, Kirstie Alley was unable to reprise her Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan role as Lt. Saavik. Plans for the USS Bozeman were changed due to the budget, which resulted in a modification to the USS Reliant model created for The Wrath of Khan and the use of the movie-era Enterprise bridge. 'Cause and Effect' received Nielsen ratings of 13.0 percent, making it the sixth most watched episode of the season. Critics praised the episode, specifically Braga's writing, Frakes's direction, and the opening sequence in which the Enterprise is destroyed.
Plot[edit]
The viewer is shown through the episode that Enterprise is caught in a time loop (referred to in-universe as a 'temporal causality loop'). The loop begins with the senior members of the crew playing poker and continues for about a day when they discover a spatial anomaly. While studying the anomaly, a ship suddenly emerges from it, and though Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) takes Lt. Commander Data's (Brent Spiner) advice over Commander William T. Riker's (Jonathan Frakes) for avoiding a collision, the new ship clips the warp nacelle, causing a critical failure and the destruction of the Enterprise moments later, at which point the loop restarts.
Initially, the crew are unaware of the loop. However, Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) begins to hear noises before she goes to bed following the poker game. Having a sense of déjà vu during the poker game and able to predict the cards Data will deal during a subsequent loop, Crusher takes a tricorder with her to her room, records the voices, and later analyzes them to discover they are the panicked commands and broadcasts of the crew. The senior staff work out that they are stuck in the loop; the voices they are hearing are those of themselves from the previous loop just prior to the destruction of the ship. They evaluate the voices to determine that the loop is restarted due to the collision of the two ships but do not know how to avoid that collision in the first place. Data suggests that his positronic brain can be used to send a short message to himself in the next loop which may help them to avoid the collision. When they arrive at the anomaly, and after the collision, Data sends the message.
On the following loop, Crusher again has a feeling of déjà vu during the poker game, but when Data deals the next hand, all the cards are threes, followed by a hand where all players have three of a kind. The number 3 begins appearing throughout other parts of the ship's operations while, again, they determine they are stuck in a time loop. When they reach the anomaly and the ship appears from it, Data suddenly realizes that the 3 stands for the number of command pips on Riker's uniform, and executes Riker's option instead of his own. This allows Enterprise to safely clear the oncoming ship. The anomaly disappears and the time loop ends, and the crew realize they have been trapped in the loop for over 17 days, while the other ship, the USS Bozeman, has been missing for over 90 years. Picard welcomes the Bozeman's crew to the 24th century.
Production[edit]
Kelsey Grammer was offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson in 'Cause and Effect', and was not required to audition.
The script was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write a time-travel related episode without using a 'screwed up time-lines' type plot.[1] Braga called it the most enjoyable episode he wrote all season, as he had never seen a time loop episode before but he did not know how to get the crew out of the loop, nor what the message was which would be passed to a future loop. He attributed the poker game, which was not in the original plan, to a sugar rush after eating pancakes.[2] He felt that the destruction of the Enterprise was the best possible teaser for the episode, and he was pleased how he managed to tie the poker game into the overall plot.[1] Braga named the USS Bozeman for his hometown of Bozeman, Montana, while the registration number of NCC-1941 was a reference to the comedy film 1941 (1979).[3]
Cast member Jonathan Frakes directed the episode, having prepared for it while shooting the episode 'The Outcast'. He said that he was not involved in the casting process, as they had offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson to Kelsey Grammer, who'd accepted.[2] Grammer was a Star Trek fan, and in his role as Frasier Crane on Cheers, he filmed on the Paramount lot near where The Next Generation was produced.[4] Frakes found it a challenge to film the same scenes with the same dialogue over and over but in a way which made them look different. Marvin V. Rush, the director of photography, worked with cameraman Waverly Smothers to develop an attachment for a camera using a bungee cord which allowed for a different style of shooting. Frakes also worked while at home planning out shots in order to ensure that there was a variety to each loop. Executive producer Rick Berman had made it clear that Frakes could not re-use footage and each loop needed to be filmed fresh, in order to prevent the episode from looking like a clip show.[2]
Several changes took place to the script because of filming and casting difficulties. The crew planned to make the USS Bozeman a Star Trek: The Original Series-era Constitution class ship, similar to the original USS Enterprise. However, no model was available to use and the costs in creating a new one, along with costumes and props, was prohibitive enough that the plan was scrapped. Instead, the USS Reliant model created for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan was used.[1]Greg Jein and Michael Okuda made the relevant changes,[5] removing the rollbar and adding sensor arrays,[1] resulting in it being described as a Soyuz class vessel.[5] The bridge of the Bozeman was a re-dressed version of the film seriesEnterprise bridge. It was then intended to get Kirstie Alley in a cameo role behind Grammer in the USS Bozeman shots, reprising her role as Lieutenant Saavik from the movie The Wrath of Khan, but could not do so due to scheduling difficulties.[1] Rob Legato organized the large-scale miniature effects for the episode on set 10, with large-scale but low-detail versions of the Enterprise created along with just nacelle models for the Bozeman to collide with.[2]
Reception[edit]
The episode aired during the week commencing May 10, 1992, in broadcast syndication. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received ratings of 13.0 percent. This means that it was watched by 13 percent of all households watching television during its timeslot.[6] It was the sixth most watched episode of the season, behind both parts of 'Unification', 'A Matter of Time', 'Power Play' and 'The Game'.[6]
James Van Hise in his book The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation, said that the episode 'fascinated' him due to the 'experimental' nature.[7] He praised the direction of Frakes, who saved it from being a series of 'potentially boring repetition[s]',[7] adding that he 'clearly has a firm grasp on the series.'[7] Juliette Harrisson listed 'Cause and Effect' as the seventh most groundbreaking episode of the series in 2012 for Den of Geek.[8]Keith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com, giving it a rating of nine out of ten. He praised the means in which Frakes made each repetition different, and the writing by Braga which he described as a 'tour de force'.[9] He said that 'Cause and Effect' had 'the best teaser in the history of Star Trek',[9] and summed it up by saying 'This is an absolute triumph of craft from both Braga and Frakes, and just a fun episode, with the added bonus of Captain Frasier Crane at the end. I almost didn't need to rewatch this one, as it's one of my go-to episodes when I want to watch a Star Trek episode for the heck of it, and I have yet to tire of it.'[9]
Zack Handlen gave 'Cause and Effect' a grade of A in his review for The A.V. Club. He called the opening sequence 'strong',[10] and said that one of the 'tricks' of this episode was that it does not break its own rules in finding a resolution.[10] He summarized by saying 'Once again, TNG does what it does best: You take an ostensibly goofy idea, and then you make it sting by thinking through the consequences.'[10] In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise, 'Cause and Effect' was placed in 62nd place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9.[11]
Viviane Casimir published an article in the Winter 1997 issue of the journal Extrapolation that used Lieutenant Commander Data's ability to transmit a message to himself as an example of assigning special mental abilities to a cyborg.[12] In Computers of Star Trek, Lois Gresh and Robert Weinberg noted a contradiction between the description of Data being built around a neural net and examples of traditional von Neumann architecture. They noted how, in 'Cause and Effect', when a crew member removed the cover to Data's 'brain', it exposed flashing lights reminiscent of the large computers of the fifties and sixties, that reflected the values in the CPU's accumulator and other registers.[13]
In 2017, Den of Geek listed 'Cause and Effect' as one of the top ten ground-breaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[14]
In 2018, CBR ranked this one of the top twenty time travel themed episodes of all Star Trek series.[15]
Star Trek Time Loop Episode
In 2019, ThoughtCo ranked 'Cause and Effect' in the top ten best episodes of the series, describing it as a 'great story of time and choices'.[16] Also in 2019, The Hollywood Reporter ranked it among the top twenty five episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation who described it as having a unique repetitive structure and noting its direction by Jonathan Frakes.[17]The Hollywood Reporter ranked 'Cause and Effect' as the 19th best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, noting the time-loop plot.[18]
In 2019, Higgy Pop noted this episode as one of the time travel stories of the Star Trek franchise.[19]
In 2019, The Hollywood Reporter listed this among the twenty five best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[20]
Star Trek Tng Wiki
Media releases[edit]
'Cause and Effect' was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on June 10, 1997.[21] The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set.[22] The first Blu-Ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013,[23] followed by the United Kingdom on November 19.[24]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abcdeNemecek (2003): p. 195
- ^ abcdGross & Altman (1993): p. 241
- ^Okuda, et al; (1994): p. 35
- ^'Grammer, Kelsey'. StarTrek.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- ^ abOkuda, et al; (1994): p. 307
- ^ ab'Star Trek: The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings – Seasons 5–6'. TrekNation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2000. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- ^ abcVan Hise (1995): p. 125
- ^Harrisson, Juliette (November 10, 2012). '10 groundbreaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation'. Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- ^ abcDeCandido, Keith (August 7, 2012). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation Rewatch: 'Cause and Effect''. Tor.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^ abcHandlen, Zack (April 14, 2011). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation: 'The Outcast'/'Cause And Effect''. A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^Anders, Charlie Jane (October 2, 2014). 'The Top 100 Star Trek Episodes Of All Time!'. io9. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^Casimir, Viviane (Winter 1997). 'Data and dick's deckard: Cyborg as problematic signifier'. Extrapolation. pp. 278–291. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- ^Gresh & Weinberg (2008): pp. 11–12
- ^'Star Trek: The Next Generation — 10 Groundbreaking Episodes'. Den of Geek. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^'Star Trek: Ranking the 20 Best Time-Travel Episodes'. CBR. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
- ^fiction, Nigel Mitchell Nigel Mitchell has written about science; Books, Comic; critic, fantasy films for over 10 years He's a Rotten Tomatoes Tomatometer-approved. '10 Best Episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation'. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
- ^''Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^''Conspiracy' - 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' — The 25 Greatest Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ^Higgypop. 'Complete List Of Time Travel Storylines In Star Trek'. Higgypop. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^''Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
- ^'Star Trek – The Next Generation, Episode 118: Cause and Effect (VHS)'. Tower Video. Retrieved February 26, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^Ordway, Holly E. (November 5, 2002). 'Star Trek the Next Generation – Season 5'. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^Miller III, Randy (November 19, 2013). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season Five (Blu-ray)'. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^Simpson, Michael (November 11, 2013). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 5 Blu-Ray Review'. Sci-Fi Now. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
References[edit]
- Ayers, Jeff (2006). Voyages of Imagination. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN978-141650-3491.
- Gresh, Louis H.; Weinberg, Robert (2008). Computers of Star Trek. New York: Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-01175-9.
- Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark A. (1993). Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages. London: Boxtree. ISBN978-1-85283-899-7.
- Nemecek, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion (3rd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN0-7434-5798-6.
- Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (1994). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN978-0-671-86905-2.
- Van Hise, James; Schuster, Hal (1995). The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation. Pioneer Books. ISBN978-1-55698-377-1.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cause and Effect |
- Cause and Effect at Memory Alpha (a Star Trekwiki)
- Cause and Effect at StarTrek.com
- Cause and Effect on IMDb
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